Your input will help us improve your experience.You can close this popup to continue using the website or choose an option below to register in or login.
The Ancient and Modern History course enables students to
study history from the Bronze Age Mediterranean and Near East, through the
Roman Empire, middle ages and early modern period, right up to British,
European and World history in the present day. Students will learn about the
comparisons between societies abound, and the methods by which these societies
were studied. There are more than 90 range of choices for this course. The
Oxford Classics and History Faculties consists of academicians who are leading
researchers in their field, with lecturers encouraged to put on new courses
which reflect their own interests. Oxford also possesses exceptional library
provision for History in the Bodleian Library, the History Faculty Library, the
Sackler and the Weston Library’s special collections, as well as a dedicated
Classics centre.
Programme overview
Main Subject
History
Degree
BA
Study Level
Undergraduate
The Ancient and Modern History course enables students to
study history from the Bronze Age Mediterranean and Near East, through the
Roman Empire, middle ages and early modern period, right up to British,
European and World history in the present day. Students will learn about the
comparisons between societies abound, and the methods by which these societies
were studied. There are more than 90 range of choices for this course. The
Oxford Classics and History Faculties consists of academicians who are leading
researchers in their field, with lecturers encouraged to put on new courses
which reflect their own interests. Oxford also possesses exceptional library
provision for History in the Bodleian Library, the History Faculty Library, the
Sackler and the Weston Library’s special collections, as well as a dedicated
Classics centre.
Admission Requirements
110+
7.5+
191+
+
360+
+
38+
1470+
98.5+
1+
All candidates must also take the History Aptitude Test (HAT) as part of their application.
3 Years
Jan-2000
Tuition fees
Domestic
27,750 GBP
International
81,855 GBP
Scholarships
Selecting the right scholarship can be a daunting process. With countless options available, students often find themselves overwhelmed and confused. The decision can be especially stressful for those facing financial constraints or pursuing specific academic or career goals.
To help students navigate this challenging process, we recommend the following articles:
History (Ancient and Modern)
Wellington Square, Oxford, GB, Oxford, United Kingdom
# 2QS Subject Rankings
36 monthsProgramme duration
81,855 GBPTuition Fee/year
HistoryMain Subject Area
Programme overview
Main Subject
History
Degree
BA
Study Level
Undergraduate
Programme overview
Main Subject
History
Degree
BA
Study Level
Undergraduate
Admission Requirements
All candidates must also take the History Aptitude Test (HAT) as part of their application.
Tuition fees
Domestic
International
Scholarships
Selecting the right scholarship can be a daunting process. With countless options available, students often find themselves overwhelmed and confused. The decision can be especially stressful for those facing financial constraints or pursuing specific academic or career goals.
To help students navigate this challenging process, we recommend the following articles:
How to get a full scholarship
Looking for a fully-funded scholarship to see you into university? Find out how to boost your chances of getting one.
Scholarships to study abroad
Find scholarships to study abroad with our lists of international scholarships – categorized by country, by subject, and by type of student.
Scholarship Applications: Frequently Asked Questions
Get answers to all your questions about scholarship applications, including tips on how to find scholarships and chances of success.
More programmes from the university
Arts and Humanities (6)
Archaeology and Anthropology
Archaeology and Anthropology
Bachelor of Theology (BTh)
Bachelor of Theology (BTh)
Classical Archaeology and Ancient History
Classical Archaeology and Ancient History
Classics
Classics
Classics and English (with Beginners' Latin or Greek)
Classics and English (with Beginners' Latin or Greek)
Classics and English - 36 months
Classics and English - 36 months
Classics and Modern Languages
Classics and Modern Languages
Classics and Oriental Studies
Classics and Oriental Studies
English Language and Literature
English Language and Literature
English and Modern Languages
English and Modern Languages
European and Middle Eastern Languages
European and Middle Eastern Languages
Fine Art
Fine Art
History
History
History (Ancient and Modern)
History (Ancient and Modern)
History and Economics
History and Economics
History and English
History and English
History and Modern Languages
History and Modern Languages
History and Politics
History and Politics
History of Art
History of Art
Modern Languages
Modern Languages
Modern Languages and Linguistics
Modern Languages and Linguistics
Music
Music
Oriental Studies - 36 months
Oriental Studies - 36 months
Philosophy and Modern Languages
Philosophy and Modern Languages
Philosophy and Theology
Philosophy and Theology
Philosophy, Politics and Economics
Philosophy, Politics and Economics
Religion and Oriental Studies
Religion and Oriental Studies
Theology and Religion
Theology and Religion
Business and Management (6)
Economics and Management
Economics and Management
Engineering and Technology (6)
Computer Science
Computer Science
Computer Science and Philosophy (MCompSciPhil)
Computer Science and Philosophy (MCompSciPhil)
Computer Science and Philosophy - 36 months
Computer Science and Philosophy - 36 months
Engineering Science
Engineering Science
Life Sciences and Medicine (6)
BM BCh (Graduate Entry) Medicine
BM BCh (Graduate Entry) Medicine
Biochemistry (Molecular and Cellular) (MBiochem)
Biochemistry (Molecular and Cellular) (MBiochem)
Biology (MBiol)
Biology (MBiol)
Biology - 36 months
Biology - 36 months
Biomedical Sciences
Biomedical Sciences
Human Sciences
Human Sciences
Medicine (BM BCh)
Medicine (BM BCh)
Medicine (graduate-entry/ accelerated) (BM BCh)
Medicine (graduate-entry/ accelerated) (BM BCh)
Medicine - 36 months
Medicine - 36 months
Psychology (Experimental)
Psychology (Experimental)
Psychology, Philosophy and Linguistics
Psychology, Philosophy and Linguistics
Natural Sciences (6)
Chemistry (MChem)
Chemistry (MChem)
Earth Sciences (Geology) (MEarthSci)
Earth Sciences (Geology) (MEarthSci)
Earth Sciences (Geology) - 36 months
Earth Sciences (Geology) - 36 months
Geography
Geography
Materials Science
Materials Science
Mathematics (MMath)
Mathematics (MMath)
Mathematics - 36 months
Mathematics - 36 months
Mathematics and Computer Science (MMathCompSci)
Mathematics and Computer Science (MMathCompSci)
Mathematics and Computer Science - 36 months
Mathematics and Computer Science - 36 months
Mathematics and Philosophy
Mathematics and Philosophy
Mathematics and Statistics
Mathematics and Statistics
Physics (BA)
Physics (BA)
Physics (MPhys) - 48 months
Physics (MPhys) - 48 months
Physics and Philosophy (MPhysPhil)
Physics and Philosophy (MPhysPhil)
Physics and Philosophy - 36 months
Physics and Philosophy - 36 months
Social Sciences and Management (6)
Law (Jurisprudence)
Law (Jurisprudence)
Arts and Humanities (6)
BPhil in Philosophy
BPhil in Philosophy
MPhil in Archaeology
MPhil in Archaeology
MPhil in Buddhist Studies
MPhil in Buddhist Studies
MPhil in Classical Archaeology
MPhil in Classical Archaeology
MPhil in Classical Indian Religion
MPhil in Classical Indian Religion
MPhil in Cuneiform Studies
MPhil in Cuneiform Studies
MPhil in Eastern Christian Studies
MPhil in Eastern Christian Studies
MPhil in Economic and Social History
MPhil in Economic and Social History
MPhil in Egyptology
MPhil in Egyptology
MPhil in English Studies (Medieval Period)
MPhil in English Studies (Medieval Period)
MPhil in Greek and/or Latin Languages and Literature
MPhil in Greek and/or Latin Languages and Literature
MPhil in Greek and/or Roman History
MPhil in Greek and/or Roman History
MPhil in History
MPhil in History
MPhil in History of Science, Medicine and Technology
MPhil in History of Science, Medicine and Technology
MPhil in Islamic Art and Archaeology
MPhil in Islamic Art and Archaeology
MPhil in Islamic Studies and History
MPhil in Islamic Studies and History
MPhil in Jewish Studies in the Graeco-Roman Period
MPhil in Jewish Studies in the Graeco-Roman Period
MPhil in Judaism and Christianity in the Graeco-Roman World
MPhil in Judaism and Christianity in the Graeco-Roman World
MPhil in Late Antique and Byzantine Studies
MPhil in Late Antique and Byzantine Studies
MPhil in Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics
MPhil in Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics
MPhil in Modern Languages
MPhil in Modern Languages
MPhil in Modern Middle Eastern Studies
MPhil in Modern Middle Eastern Studies
MPhil in Music (Composition)
MPhil in Music (Composition)
MPhil in Music (Musicology)
MPhil in Music (Musicology)
MPhil in Music (Performance)
MPhil in Music (Performance)
MPhil in Philosophical Theology
MPhil in Philosophical Theology
MPhil in Russian and East European Studies
MPhil in Russian and East European Studies
MPhil in Slavonic Studies
MPhil in Slavonic Studies
MPhil in Theology
MPhil in Theology
MSc in Applied Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition
MSc in Applied Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition
MSc in Archaeological Science
MSc in Archaeological Science
MSc in Archaeology
MSc in Archaeology
MSc in History of Science, Medicine and Technology
MSc in History of Science, Medicine and Technology
MSc in Modern Middle Eastern Studies
MSc in Modern Middle Eastern Studies
MSt in Ancient Philosophy
MSt in Ancient Philosophy
MSt in Archaeology
MSt in Archaeology
MSt in Bible Interpretation
MSt in Bible Interpretation
MSt in Classical Archaeology
MSt in Classical Archaeology
MSt in Classical Armenian Studies
MSt in Classical Armenian Studies
MSt in Classical Hebrew Studies
MSt in Classical Hebrew Studies
MSt in Comparative Literature and Critical Translation
MSt in Comparative Literature and Critical Translation
MSt in English (1550-1700)
MSt in English (1550-1700)
MSt in English (1700-1830)
MSt in English (1700-1830)
MSt in English (1830-1914)
MSt in English (1830-1914)
MSt in English (1900-Present)
MSt in English (1900-Present)
MSt in English (650-1550)
MSt in English (650-1550)
MSt in English and American Studies
MSt in English and American Studies
MSt in Global and Imperial History
MSt in Global and Imperial History
MSt in Greek and/or Latin Languages and Literature
MSt in Greek and/or Latin Languages and Literature
MSt in Greek and/or Roman History
MSt in Greek and/or Roman History
MSt in History - 9 months
MSt in History - 9 months
MSt in History of Art and Visual Culture
MSt in History of Art and Visual Culture
MSt in Islamic Art and Archaeology
MSt in Islamic Art and Archaeology
MSt in Islamic Studies and History
MSt in Islamic Studies and History
MSt in Jewish Studies
MSt in Jewish Studies
MSt in Jewish Studies in the Graeco-Roman Period
MSt in Jewish Studies in the Graeco-Roman Period
MSt in Late Antique and Byzantine Studies
MSt in Late Antique and Byzantine Studies
MSt in Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics
MSt in Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics
MSt in Medieval Studies
MSt in Medieval Studies
MSt in Modern Languages
MSt in Modern Languages
MSt in Music (Composition)
MSt in Music (Composition)
MSt in Music (Musicology)
MSt in Music (Musicology)
MSt in Music (Performance)
MSt in Music (Performance)
MSt in Philosophical Theology
MSt in Philosophical Theology
MSt in Philosophy of Physics
MSt in Philosophy of Physics
MSt in Slavonic Studies
MSt in Slavonic Studies
MSt in Study of Religions
MSt in Study of Religions
MSt in Theology
MSt in Theology
MSt in World Literatures in English
MSt in World Literatures in English
MSt in Yiddish Studies
MSt in Yiddish Studies
MTh in Applied Theology
MTh in Applied Theology
Master of Fine Art (MFA) - 9 months
Master of Fine Art (MFA) - 9 months
Business and Management (6)
MPhil in Economics
MPhil in Economics
MSc in Economic and Social History
MSc in Economic and Social History
MSc in Economics for Development
MSc in Economics for Development
MSc in Financial Economics
MSc in Financial Economics
Engineering and Technology (6)
MSc + DPhil in Social Data Science - 36 months
MSc + DPhil in Social Data Science - 36 months
MSc by Research in Engineering Science
MSc by Research in Engineering Science
MSc in Computer Science
MSc in Computer Science
MSc in Energy Systems - 12 months
MSc in Energy Systems - 12 months
MSc in Social Data Science
MSc in Social Data Science
MSc in Social Science of the Internet + DPhil in Information, Communication and the Social Sciences
MSc in Social Science of the Internet + DPhil in Information, Communication and the Social Sciences
MSc in Social Science of the Internet - 10 months
MSc in Social Science of the Internet - 10 months
Life Sciences and Medicine (6)
MSc by Research in Biochemistry
MSc by Research in Biochemistry
MSc by Research in Clinical Neurosciences - 12 months
MSc by Research in Clinical Neurosciences - 12 months
MSc by Research in Experimental Psychology- 12 months
MSc by Research in Experimental Psychology- 12 months
MSc by Research in Molecular and Cellular Medicine
MSc by Research in Molecular and Cellular Medicine
MSc by Research in Musculoskeletal Sciences
MSc by Research in Musculoskeletal Sciences
MSc by Research in Oncology
MSc by Research in Oncology
MSc by Research in Pharmacology
MSc by Research in Pharmacology
MSc by Research in Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
MSc by Research in Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
MSc by Research in Psychiatry
MSc by Research in Psychiatry
MSc by Research in Surgical Sciences
MSc by Research in Surgical Sciences
MSc by Research in Women's and Reproductive Health
MSc by Research in Women's and Reproductive Health
MSc in Clinical Embryology
MSc in Clinical Embryology
MSc in Clinical and Therapeutic Neuroscience
MSc in Clinical and Therapeutic Neuroscience
MSc in Global Health Science and Epidemiology
MSc in Global Health Science and Epidemiology
MSc in Integrated Immunology
MSc in Integrated Immunology
MSc in International Health and Tropical Medicine
MSc in International Health and Tropical Medicine
MSc in Neuroscience
MSc in Neuroscience
MSc in Pharmacology
MSc in Pharmacology
MSc in Precision Cancer Medicine
MSc in Precision Cancer Medicine
MSc in Psychological Research
MSc in Psychological Research
MSc in Radiation Biology
MSc in Radiation Biology
MSc in Translational Health Sciences
MSc in Translational Health Sciences
Natural Sciences (6)
MPhil in Biodiversity, Conservation and Management
MPhil in Biodiversity, Conservation and Management
MPhil in Environmental Change and Management
MPhil in Environmental Change and Management
MPhil in Nature, Society and Environmental Governance
MPhil in Nature, Society and Environmental Governance
MPhil in Water Science, Policy and Management
MPhil in Water Science, Policy and Management
MSc by Research in Chemical Biology
MSc by Research in Chemical Biology
MSc by Research in Inorganic Chemistry
MSc by Research in Inorganic Chemistry
MSc by Research in Materials
MSc by Research in Materials
MSc by Research in Mathematics
MSc by Research in Mathematics
MSc by Research in Organic Chemistry
MSc by Research in Organic Chemistry
MSc by Research in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
MSc by Research in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
MSc in Biodiversity, Conservation and Management
MSc in Biodiversity, Conservation and Management
MSc in Environmental Change and Management
MSc in Environmental Change and Management
MSc in Mathematical Modelling and Scientific Computing
MSc in Mathematical Modelling and Scientific Computing
MSc in Mathematical Sciences
MSc in Mathematical Sciences
MSc in Mathematical and Computational Finance
MSc in Mathematical and Computational Finance
MSc in Mathematical and Theoretical Physics
MSc in Mathematical and Theoretical Physics
MSc in Mathematics and Foundations of Computer Science
MSc in Mathematics and Foundations of Computer Science
MSc in Nature, Society and Environmental Governance
MSc in Nature, Society and Environmental Governance
MSc in Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
MSc in Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
MSc in Water Science, Policy and Management
MSc in Water Science, Policy and Management
Social Sciences and Management (6)
Bachelor of Civil Law
Bachelor of Civil Law
MPhil in Comparative Social Policy
MPhil in Comparative Social Policy
MPhil in Development Studies
MPhil in Development Studies
MPhil in Evidence-Based Social Intervention and Policy Evaluation
MPhil in Evidence-Based Social Intervention and Policy Evaluation
MPhil in International Relations
MPhil in International Relations
MPhil in Japanese Studies
MPhil in Japanese Studies
MPhil in Latin American Studies
MPhil in Latin American Studies
MPhil in Law
MPhil in Law
MPhil in Medical Anthropology
MPhil in Medical Anthropology
MPhil in Modern Chinese Studies
MPhil in Modern Chinese Studies
MPhil in Modern South Asian Studies
MPhil in Modern South Asian Studies
MPhil in Politics (Comparative Government)
MPhil in Politics (Comparative Government)
MPhil in Politics (European Politics and Society)
MPhil in Politics (European Politics and Society)
MPhil in Politics (Political Theory)
MPhil in Politics (Political Theory)
MPhil in Social Anthropology
MPhil in Social Anthropology
MPhil in Socio-Legal Research
MPhil in Socio-Legal Research
MPhil in Sociology and Demography
MPhil in Sociology and Demography
MPhil in Tibetan and Himalayan Studies
MPhil in Tibetan and Himalayan Studies
MPhil in Traditional East Asia
MPhil in Traditional East Asia
MPhil in Visual, Material and Museum Anthropology
MPhil in Visual, Material and Museum Anthropology
MSc Financial Economics
MSc Financial Economics
MSc by Research in Statistics
MSc by Research in Statistics
MSc in African Studies
MSc in African Studies
MSc in Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology
MSc in Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology
MSc in Comparative Social Policy
MSc in Comparative Social Policy
MSc in Contemporary Chinese Studies
MSc in Contemporary Chinese Studies
MSc in Criminology and Criminal Justice - 9 months
MSc in Criminology and Criminal Justice - 9 months
MSc in Education (Child Development and Education)
MSc in Education (Child Development and Education)
MSc in Education (Comparative and International Education)
MSc in Education (Comparative and International Education)
MSc in Education (Higher Education)
MSc in Education (Higher Education)
MSc in Education (Research Design and Methodology) - 12 months
MSc in Education (Research Design and Methodology) - 12 months
MSc in Educational Assessment
MSc in Educational Assessment
MSc in Evidence-Based Social Intervention and Policy Evaluation
MSc in Evidence-Based Social Intervention and Policy Evaluation
MSc in Global Governance and Diplomacy
MSc in Global Governance and Diplomacy
MSc in Japanese Studies
MSc in Japanese Studies
MSc in Latin American Studies
MSc in Latin American Studies
MSc in Law and Finance
MSc in Law and Finance
MSc in Medical Anthropology
MSc in Medical Anthropology
MSc in Migration Studies
MSc in Migration Studies
MSc in Modern South Asian Studies
MSc in Modern South Asian Studies
MSc in Political Theory Research
MSc in Political Theory Research
MSc in Politics Research
MSc in Politics Research
MSc in Refugee and Forced Migration Studies
MSc in Refugee and Forced Migration Studies
MSc in Russian and East European Studies
MSc in Russian and East European Studies
MSc in Social Anthropology
MSc in Social Anthropology
MSc in Sociology - 12 months
MSc in Sociology - 12 months
MSc in Statistical Science
MSc in Statistical Science
MSc in Visual, Material and Museum Anthropology
MSc in Visual, Material and Museum Anthropology
MSt in Diplomatic Studies
MSt in Diplomatic Studies
MSt in Film Aesthetics
MSt in Film Aesthetics
MSt in Korean Studies
MSt in Korean Studies
MSt in Oriental Studies
MSt in Oriental Studies
MSt in Syriac Studies
MSt in Syriac Studies
MSt in Traditional China
MSt in Traditional China
MSt in Women's Studies
MSt in Women's Studies
Magister Juris
Magister Juris
Master of Public Policy (MPP)
Master of Public Policy (MPP)
Full-Time MBA (2)
Oxford MBA
Oxford MBA
Others (2)
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Oxford 1+1 MBA
Oxford 1+1 MBA
Arts and Humanities (6)
DPhil in Ancient History - 36 months
DPhil in Ancient History - 36 months
DPhil in Archaeological Science
DPhil in Archaeological Science
DPhil in Archaeology - 36 months
DPhil in Archaeology - 36 months
DPhil in Classical Archaeology
DPhil in Classical Archaeology
DPhil in Classical Languages and Literature - 36 months
DPhil in Classical Languages and Literature - 36 months
DPhil in English - 36 months
DPhil in English - 36 months
DPhil in Fine Art - 36 months
DPhil in History (History of Science and Medicine & Economic and Social History) -36 months
DPhil in History - 36 months
DPhil in History of Art - 36 months
DPhil in Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics - 36 months
DPhil in Medieval and Modern Languages- 36 months
DPhil in Music - 36 months
DPhil in Philosophy
DPhil in Theology and Religion
Business and Management (6)
DPhil in Economics
DPhil in Economics
DPhil in Management
DPhil in Management
Engineering and Technology (6)
DPhil in Computer Science
DPhil in Computer Science
DPhil in Engineering Science - 36 months
DPhil in Engineering Science - 36 months
DPhil in Social Data Science - 36 months
DPhil in Social Data Science - 36 months
Life Sciences and Medicine (6)
DPhil in Biochemistry
DPhil in Biochemistry
DPhil in Biochemistry (Skaggs-Oxford Programme)
DPhil in Biochemistry (Skaggs-Oxford Programme)
DPhil in Biomedical Sciences: NIH-OU
DPhil in Biomedical Sciences: NIH-OU
DPhil in Biomedical and Clinical Sciences
DPhil in Biomedical and Clinical Sciences
DPhil in Cardiovascular Science
DPhil in Cardiovascular Science
DPhil in Cellular Structural Biology
DPhil in Cellular Structural Biology
DPhil in Clinical Medicine - 36 months
DPhil in Clinical Neurosciences - 36 months
DPhil in Experimental Psychology - 36 months
DPhil in Genomic Medicine and Statistics
DPhil in Ion Channels and Membrane Transport in Health and Disease (OXION)
DPhil in Medical Sciences
DPhil in Molecular Cell Biology in Health and Disease
DPhil in Molecular and Cellular Medicine
DPhil in Musculoskeletal Sciences
DPhil in Oncology
DPhil in Paediatrics
DPhil in Pharmacology
DPhil in Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
DPhil in Plant Sciences
DPhil in Population Health - 36 months
DPhil in Primary Health Care - 36 months
DPhil in Psychiatry - 36 months
DPhil in Radiation Oncology (1+3)
DPhil in Surgical Sciences
DPhil in Women's and Reproductive Health
DPhil in Zoology
Interdisciplinary Bioscience (BBSRC Doctoral Training Partnership)
Synthesis for Biology and Medicine (EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training)
Natural Sciences (6)
DPhil in Astrophysics
DPhil in Astrophysics
DPhil in Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics
DPhil in Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics
DPhil in Atomic and Laser Physics
DPhil in Atomic and Laser Physics
DPhil in Chemical Biology
DPhil in Chemical Biology
DPhil in Condensed Matter Physics
DPhil in Condensed Matter Physics
DPhil in Earth Sciences
DPhil in Earth Sciences
DPhil in Geography and the Environment
DPhil in Inorganic Chemistry
DPhil in Materials
DPhil in Mathematics
DPhil in Organic Chemistry
DPhil in Particle Physics
DPhil in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
DPhil in Theoretical Physics
Environmental Research (NERC Doctoral Training Partnership) (DPhil)
Social Sciences and Management (6)
DPhil in Anthropology
DPhil in Anthropology
DPhil in Area Studies
DPhil in Area Studies
DPhil in Criminology - 36 months
DPhil in Criminology - 36 months
DPhil in Education - 36 months
DPhil in Education - 36 months
DPhil in Information, Communication and the Social Sciences - 36 months
DPhil in Information, Communication and the Social Sciences - 36 months
DPhil in International Development - 36 months
DPhil in International Development - 36 months
DPhil in International Relations - 36 months
DPhil in Law - 36 months
DPhil in Migration Studies
DPhil in Oriental Studies
DPhil in Politics - 36 months
DPhil in Public Policy - 36 months
DPhil in Social Policy - 36 months
DPhil in Socio-Legal Studies - 36 months
DPhil in Sociology - 36 months
DPhil in Statistics